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Pathogens and Disease Feb 2016Bordetella bronchiseptica and B. pertussis are Gram-negative bacteria that cause respiratory diseases in animals and humans. The current incidence of whooping cough or... (Review)
Review
Bordetella bronchiseptica and B. pertussis are Gram-negative bacteria that cause respiratory diseases in animals and humans. The current incidence of whooping cough or pertussis caused by B. pertussis has reached levels not observed since the 1950s. Although pertussis is traditionally known as an acute childhood disease, it has recently resurged in vaccinated adolescents and adults. These individuals often become silent carriers, facilitating bacterial circulation and transmission. Similarly, vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals continue to be carriers of B. bronchiseptica and shed bacteria resulting in disease outbreaks. The persistence mechanisms of these bacteria remain poorly characterized. It has been proposed that adoption of a biofilm lifestyle allows persistent colonization of the mammalian respiratory tract. The history of Bordetella biofilm research is only a decade long and there is no single review article that has exclusively focused on this area. We systematically discuss the role of Bordetella factors in biofilm development in vitro and in the mouse respiratory tract. We further outline the implications of biofilms to bacterial persistence and transmission in humans and for the design of new acellular pertussis vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella pertussis; Carrier State; Disease Outbreaks; Humans
PubMed: 26586694
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv108 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2021Eosinophils are granulocytes primarily associated with T2 responses to parasites or immune hyper-reactive states, such as asthma, allergies, or eosinophilic esophagitis.... (Review)
Review
Eosinophils are granulocytes primarily associated with T2 responses to parasites or immune hyper-reactive states, such as asthma, allergies, or eosinophilic esophagitis. However, it does not make sense from an evolutionary standpoint to maintain a cell type that is only specific for parasitic infections and that otherwise is somehow harmful to the host. In recent years, there has been a shift in the perception of these cells. Eosinophils have recently been recognized as regulators of immune homeostasis and suppressors of over-reactive pro-inflammatory responses by secreting specific molecules that dampen the immune response. Their role during parasitic infections has been well investigated, and their versatility during immune responses to helminths includes antigen presentation as well as modulation of T cell responses. Although it is known that eosinophils can present antigens during viral infections, there are still many mechanistic aspects of the involvement of eosinophils during viral infections that remain to be elucidated. However, are eosinophils able to respond to bacterial infections? Recent literature indicates that triggers T2 responses mediated by eosinophils; this promotes anti-inflammatory responses that might be involved in the long-term persistent infection caused by this pathogen. Apparently and on the contrary, in the respiratory tract, eosinophils promote T17 pro-inflammatory responses during infection, and they are, in fact, critical for early clearance of bacteria from the respiratory tract. However, eosinophils are also intertwined with microbiota, and up to now, it is not clear if microbiota regulates eosinophils or vice versa, or how this connection influences immune responses. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of eosinophils as regulators of pro and anti-inflammatory responses in the context of both infection and naïve conditions. We propose questions and future directions that might open novel research avenues in the future.
Topics: Animals; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Eosinophils; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Microbiota; Th17 Cells; Th2 Cells
PubMed: 34360770
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158004 -
Virulence Dec 2021and are major pathogens in pigs, which are frequently isolated from co-infections in the respiratory tract and contribute to the porcine respiratory disease complex...
and are major pathogens in pigs, which are frequently isolated from co-infections in the respiratory tract and contribute to the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Despite the high impact of co-infections on respiratory diseases of swine (and other hosts), very little is known about pathogen-pathogen-host interactions and the mechanisms of pathogenesis. In the present study, we established a porcine precision-cut lung slice (PCLS) model to analyze the effects of infection on adherence, colonization, and cytotoxic effects of . We hypothesized that induction of ciliostasis by a clinical isolate of may promote subsequent infection with a virulent serotype 2 strain. To investigate this theory, we monitored the ciliary activity by light microscopy, measured the release of lactate dehydrogenase, and calculated the number of PCLS-associated bacteria. To study the role of the pore-forming toxin suilysin (SLY) in -induced cytotoxicity, we included a SLY-negative isogenic mutant and the complemented mutant strain. Furthermore, we analyzed infected PCLS by histopathology, immunofluorescence microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Our results showed that pre-infection with promoted adherence, colonization, and, as a consequence of the increased colonization, the cytotoxic effects of , probably by reduction of the ciliary activity. Moreover, cytotoxicity induced by is strictly dependent on the presence of SLY. Though the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully clarified, our results clearly support the hypothesis that paves the way for infection.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Cilia; Coinfection; Hemolysin Proteins; Host-Pathogen Interactions; In Vitro Techniques; Lung; Streptococcus suis; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 33372837
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1858604 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Jul 2021is a promiscuous bacterium that infects a variety of species but has not been reported in free-ranging polar bears . Sera from 385 polar bears from the western Hudson...
is a promiscuous bacterium that infects a variety of species but has not been reported in free-ranging polar bears . Sera from 385 polar bears from the western Hudson Bay region, 1986 to 2017, were tested for reactivity to with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using anti-canine IgG and protein G as secondary reagents. Sera from bears had variable reactivity to antigens, and there was no difference among bears that had a history of coming near the town of Churchill, Manitoba, and bears that did not. Although the sources of exposure were not determined, equivalent results in both groups suggest that potential exposure to humans (aside from handling during sampling) and their animals (dogs) was not an important co-factor in sero-positivity to .
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Canada; Dogs; Manitoba; Ursidae
PubMed: 34219781
DOI: No ID Found -
Pharmaceutics Jul 2022Infectious respiratory diseases caused by () are seriously endangering the development of the rabbit industry in China. Unfortunately, no licensed vaccines are...
Infectious respiratory diseases caused by () are seriously endangering the development of the rabbit industry in China. Unfortunately, no licensed vaccines are available for this pathogen. The present study was designed to determine whether the inactivated antigen formulated with vegetable oil adjuvant (named E515) which contains soybean oil, vitamin E, and ginseng saponins, functions as a safe and effective vaccine (E515-) against infection in rabbits. Based on local and systemic reactions, both the E515 adjuvant alone and the E515- vaccine exhibited good safety in rabbits. Immune response analysis implies that rabbits immunized with the E515- vaccine produced significantly higher, earlier, and longer-lasting specific antibody responses and activated Th1/Th2/Th17 cell responses than those immunized with the aluminum hydroxide (Alum)-adjuvanted vaccine (Alum-) or antigen alone. Moreover, the E515- vaccine effectively protected rabbits from infection. Additionally, integrated multi-omics analysis revealed that the immunoprotective effect of the E515- vaccine was achieved through upregulation of the complement and coagulation cascades and cell adhesion molecule (CAM) pathways, and the downregulation of the P53 pathway. Overall, these results indicate that the E515- vaccine is safe, elicits an efficient immune response and provides good protection against infection in rabbits. Thus, the E515-adjuvanted vaccine can be considered a promising candidate vaccine for preventing infection.
PubMed: 35890330
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071434 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Apr 2022Bordetella bronchiseptica (B. bronchiseptica) is associated with respiratory tract infections in laboratory animals. In our laboratory animal facility, B. bronchiseptica...
Bordetella bronchiseptica (B. bronchiseptica) is associated with respiratory tract infections in laboratory animals. In our laboratory animal facility, B. bronchiseptica was isolated from 21 of 27 apparently healthy rabbits obtained from a breeding farm contaminated with B. bronchiseptica. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis showed that the flagellin genotype of isolates from the laboratory animal facility and breeding farm was type A, which is seen relatively frequently in rabbits in Europe. To examine its pathogenicity, guinea pigs, rats, and mice were inoculated intranasally with a representative strain isolated in the laboratory animal facility. Following inoculation of 10 colony forming unit (cfu), severe inflammation was observed in the lungs of guinea pig and mice, although the inflammation was less severe in rats. The strain was recovered from the trachea and lungs of these species after inoculation with lower dose such as 10 or 10 cfu. These results suggest that the isolated strain causes respiratory tract infection in guinea pigs, rats, and mice, and that its pathogenicity higher in mice than in rats. This study extends our knowledge of interpreting the microbiologic status of laboratory animals, which will contribute to the development of reliable and reproducible animal experiments.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Bordetella; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Guinea Pigs; Inflammation; Mice; Rabbits; Rats; Respiratory Tract Infections; Virulence
PubMed: 35153249
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0494 -
FEBS Open Bio Aug 2018Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) mediates adherence and plays an important role in lower respiratory tract infections by pathogenic . The mature FHA proteins of (Bp-FHA)...
Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) mediates adherence and plays an important role in lower respiratory tract infections by pathogenic . The mature FHA proteins of (Bp-FHA) and the (Bb-FHA) are generated by processing of the respective FhaB precursors by the autotransporter subtilisin-type protease SphB1. We have used bottom-up proteomics with differential O/O labeling and show that despite high-sequence conservation of the corresponding FhaB segments, the mature Bp-FHA (~ 230 kDa) and Bb-FHA (~ 243 kDa) proteins are processed at different sites of FhaB, after the Ala-2348 and Lys-2479 residues, respectively. Moreover, protease surface accessibility probing by on-column (on-line) digestion of the Bp-FHA and Bb-FHA proteins yielded different peptide patterns, revealing structural differences in the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of the Bp-FHA and Bb-FHA proteins. These data indicate specific structural variations between the highly homologous FHA proteins.
PubMed: 30087831
DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12474 -
The Korean Journal of Physiology &... Jan 2020We previously demonstrated that () antigen (Ag) enhances the Ag-specific immune response. The focus of this study was whether acellular bacterin of could be used as...
We previously demonstrated that () antigen (Ag) enhances the Ag-specific immune response. The focus of this study was whether acellular bacterin of could be used as an adjuvant to increase antigen-presenting capability of dendritic cells (DCs) by increasing the level of activation. The metabolic activity of DCs was increased by , similar to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Flow cytometry analysis revealed that increases the expression of major histocompatibility complex class-2, cluster of differentiation (CD)40, CD54, and CD86 which are closely related to DC-mediated immune responses. enhanced the production of cytokines related to adaptive immune responses. Furthermore, the survival rate of -injected groups was 100% at 15 and 20 mg/kg doses, whereas that of LPS-injected groups was only 20%, 0% at 15 and 20 mg/kg doses respectively, and so is likely to be safer than LPS. Taken together, these results indicate that can be used as an adjuvant to enhance the antigen-presenting capability of DCs. is a candidate for producing vaccines, especially in case of DC-mediating efficacy and safety demands. This study provides researchers and clinicians with valuable information regarding the usage of as a safe bacteria-derived immunostimulating agent for developing efficient vaccines.
PubMed: 31908574
DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.1.47 -
Microbiology Spectrum Mar 2023The respiratory pathogenic bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica can persistently survive in terrestrial and aquatic environments, providing a source of infection....
The respiratory pathogenic bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica can persistently survive in terrestrial and aquatic environments, providing a source of infection. However, the environmental lifestyle of the bacterium is poorly understood. In this study, expecting repeated encounters of the bacteria with environmental protists, we explored the interaction between B. bronchiseptica and a representative environmental amoeba, Acanthamoeba castellanii, and found that the bacteria resisted amoeba digestion and entered contractile vacuoles (CVs), which are intracellular compartments involved in osmoregulation, to escape amoeba cells. In prolonged coculture, A. castellanii supported the proliferation of B. bronchiseptica. The avirulent Bvg phase, but not the virulent Bvg phase, of the bacteria was advantageous for survival in the amoebae. We further demonstrate that two Bvg phase-specific virulence factors, filamentous hemagglutinin and fimbriae, were targeted for predation by A. castellanii. These results are evidence that the BvgAS two-component system, the master regulator for Bvg phase conversion, plays an indispensable role in the survival of B. bronchiseptica in amoebae. The pathogenic bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica, which causes respiratory diseases in various mammals, exhibits distinct Bvg and Bvg phenotypes. The former represents the virulent phase, in which the bacteria express a set of virulence factors, while the role of the latter in the bacterial life cycle remains to be understood. In this study, we demonstrate that B. bronchiseptica in the Bvg phase, but not the Bvg phase, survives and proliferates in coculture with Acanthamoeba castellanii, an environmental amoeba. Two Bvg phase-specific virulence factors, filamentous hemagglutinin and fimbriae, were targeted by A. castellanii predation. B. bronchiseptica turns into the Bvg phase at temperatures in which the bacteria normally encounter these amoebae. These findings demonstrate that the Bvg phase of B. bronchiseptica is advantageous for survival outside mammalian hosts and that the bacteria can utilize protists as transient hosts in natural environments.
PubMed: 36971600
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00487-23 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Jun 2019To relate genomic changes to phenotypic adaptation and evolution from environmental bacteria to obligate human pathogens, focusing on the examples within Bordetella... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To relate genomic changes to phenotypic adaptation and evolution from environmental bacteria to obligate human pathogens, focusing on the examples within Bordetella species.
RECENT FINDINGS
Recent studies showed that animal-pathogenic and human-pathogenic Bordetella species evolved from environmental ancestors in soil. The animal-pathogenic Bordetella bronchiseptica can hijack the life cycle of the soil-living amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, surviving inside single-celled trophozoites, translocating to the fruiting bodies and disseminating along with amoeba spores. The association with amoeba may have been a 'training ground' for bacteria during the evolution to pathogens. Adaptation to an animal-associated life style was characterized by decreasing metabolic versatility and genome size and by acquisition of 'virulence factors' mediating the interaction with the new animal hosts. Subsequent emergence of human-specific pathogens, such as Bordetella pertussis from zoonoses of broader host range progenitors, was accompanied by a dramatic reduction in genome size, marked by the loss of hundreds of genes.
SUMMARY
The evolution of Bordetella from environmental microbes to animal-adapted and obligate human pathogens was accompanied by significant genome reduction with large-scale gene loss during divergence.
Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Biological Evolution; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella pertussis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 30921085
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000549